The Hornady Ballistics site http://www.hornady.com/ballistics-resource/ballistics-calculator can calculate some valuable information about your hunting bullet but it does not determine the game it can kill at the velocity/energies listed. I have researched tools to aid in finding the Optimal Game Weight for a given load and distance. I have last month published articles on Sectional Density and other methods to quantify the game size/weight.

In the book, Big Game Rifles and Cartridges, the author Edward Matunas presented his famous formula: Where Velocity cubed (V³) multiplied times bullet weight squared (W²) was further multiplied by 1.5 times 10 to the minus 12th. The formula was put forth again in the Second Edition of “Applied Ballistics” by Bryan Litz

Optimal Game Weight (OGW) = V³ x W² x 1.5 x 10¯¹²

For those of you who have a XL spreadsheet and want to play with this formula, you can do so. What is not covered in this formula is the effect of mushrooming of a bullet as it penetrates and on its killing effects. Or the effect of less than full penetration if the bullet separates on entry. The value of a large wound channel and the value of hydro-static shock, on vitals is absent, which are key elements not included but the fundamentals of velocity, bullet weight and momentum.

I played with add on’s to the formula but without specifics; they were “what if” games. What if the bullet mushrooms to 1.5 times the size of the bullet diameter which often occurs in hunting bullets? What if the bullet does not fully penetrate? What then?

In order for this formula above to work well, the bullet must be constructed so that it will not come apart in the animal and that it will mushroom creating a large wound channel. I like my bullets to penetrate with ample power and hydro-static shock so there is an obvious blood trail. Further that Sectional Density is considered in choosing a bullet where SD= Weight of Bullet in grains (converted to pounds) and divided by the Diameter Squared.

For deer the ideal SD is around 2.5 and elk above 2.5 and Moose 3.0 or higher.

http://www.beartoothbullets.com/rescources/calculators/php/density.htm

After that the calculation should be; How far can I shoot the animal and ensure a clean kill remembering the need for mushroom and hydro-static shock. Some bullet designers have lead bullets that mushroom at 2000 fps and that hydro-static shock occurs s in the same speed range or faster.

Even Chuck Hawkes has a section on this; http://www.chuckhawks.com/game_range_caliber.htm

Just remember, a small marginal bullet in the vitals is better that an more than adequate big bullet in the big toe especially if the animal wants to seek retribution on the hunter.

©

Great stuff to talk about after dinner at the campfire. What your skill level is, the game you are hunting, the distances you expect to see and shoot at game play a part in what cartridge and bullet you use to hunt with and kill game.

It has been my experience and those of millions of veteran hunters that accurate bullet placement is the beginning discussion of stopping power. Accordingly, without good bullet placement in a vital area the discussion simply evaporates into the smoke rising from the campfire. First things first, shoot accurately!

Having said that it is important to understand the elements of Terminal Ballistics when discussing big game such as large northern whitetail deer, bear, bison,and moose. If a bullet has sufficient energy to damage vital organs it will kill cleanly, some cartridges do this better than others.  I believe it is better to err on a moderately larger rifle cartridge if you can shoot it accurately especially if you are a hand-loader.

Cartridges that are adequate in stopping power for deer abound. I believe the 6 mm/ .243 is an excellent starting place as long as bullet construction and weight are designed for deer where the shot is broadside and distances are known. Clean kills for this caliber are well documented to 300 yards with a 90 to 105 grain bullet and recoil is very low. Those who are veterans and can handle recoil better may prefer a cartridge that has more power/kinetic energy and bullet weight such as the .308 Winchester, 7mm08,  .270 Winchester, and the 30-06 Springfield. Most of these do well in the 120 grain to 180 grain weights. Jack O’Connor created worldwide fame of the .270 Winchester with a 130 grain bullet because it had moderate recoil and packed tremendous downrange energy but Jack hunted mostly out west where trees and branches were not in the way. Still the .270 Winchester and the 30-06 corner the market for most adult hunters. Those of us that hunt in brushy areas may want a heavier bullet that deflects less in brush such as the 35 Remington,444 Marlin or .375 Winchester for quick examples. The .338-06 and .338 Marlin are great for hunting game in brush too but can reach out when needed. Of Course if you hand-load you can make some big bore rifles shoot slower or faster as there are loads and bullet combo’s that can achieve this, like my .375 Ruger which replicates the .375 Winchester and the old 38-55 Winchester when hand loaded for deer and bear. At full power the .375 Ruger shines for Bison and Moose. There are time when hunters may want more stopping power for the game they are hunting because either the game is potentially dangerous at close quarters or of such size that they want to anchor the animal right there or both. I anchored this 800 lb small Bison with one shot from my M77 Hawkeye African in .375 Ruger with a single 260 grain Nosler AccuBond traveling at 2600 fps.

The bullet entered the last rib and drove forward through the chest cavity wrecking the heart and lungs and exited the far shoulder. The bull collapsed in just a few steps.  Stopping Power is a nice ally in that situation as there was ample hydro-static shock and penetration.

Where “stopping power” by definition seems to have derived its roots is the effect of “hydro-static shock” effect on blood and tissue, so fast and severe that it can rupture tissue far away.  It is not just speed of the projectile that  produces the effect of “Stopping the animal in its tracks”  it is a combination of speed and penetration that does it.  Penetration has a lot to do with bullet speed and weight, its cross sectional area, shape and momentum.

A bullet that travels faster than the speed of sound for example carries with it a bow wave as it travels.

Bow shock wave image from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_bow_shockwave

I believe that this wave may be responsible to a large degree for hydro-static shock that can damage tissue and organs not near the wound channel. In some cases via hydraulic effects in arteries this wave can induce shock as far away as the brain especially if speed is sufficient with penetration.   The shock wave in general disrupts tissue to such a degree as to turn it to a jelly like mass. The liver can be an organ that is inedible if it encounters hydro-static shock as it has happened to me.

The cross sectional area and shape of the bullet face and bullet weight known as Sectional Density (SD) contribute to penetration and momentum that continue to provide damage to vital organs

From Wikipedia:

“Sectional density is the ratio of an object’s mass to its cross-sectional area. It conveys how well an object’s mass is distributed (by its shape) to overcome resistance. For illustration, a needle can penetrate a target medium with less force than a coin of the same mass.

Sectional density is often used in gun ballistics where sectional density is the ratio of a projectile weight, to its diameter. Sectional density is important to understand when selecting a cartridge bullet combo.”

Here is more on its value from Chuck Hawkes http://www.chuckhawks.com/sd.htm

To find the SD of your rifle bullets: http://www.beartoothbullets.com/rescources/calculators/php/density.htm?

I found the SD for the 90 grain .243’s I am testing to be very adequate for deer.

Further there is discussion of the Controlled eXpansion (CXP) Performance Rating System developed by Winchester is here. http://www.chuckhawks.com/cxp.htm

Bullet Construction can be Lead, Copper sheathed spitzer and round nose, Partition/A-frame, solid gilding metal that can flare like the Barnes and Nosler E-Tips. Note: a round nose bullet or flat point must use more energy up front to enter the skin and tissue and provide more of this shock wave value at entry.

As an example all Dangerous Game bullets are round nosed or flat-point of sufficient SD and mass that it is like getting hit with a fast moving barn door instead of a knife blade.

Further that if we assume that a higher SD bullet that grows in diameter (mushrooms)  as it penetrates tissue, providing a larger wound channel.

If you skipped the Chuck Hawkes articles go back and read them. There is a lot of Campfire Fodder there. Good Hunting!©

As many of my close hunting friends know, I am a Bowman as much as a Rifleman. I have spent many years shooting a recurve and longbow in my youth but was never better than average with them despite winning Traditional Trophies with them. When I picked up the Compound Bow my skill level skyrocketed. It was not uncommon for me to regularly win 3D shoot trophies as you can see above my workbench.

In my Book African Safari – Rifle and Bow and Arrow I was able to cleanly kill a Gemsbok and Red Hartebeest a culmination of my shooting skill and patience in a blind. Of the two I am most pleased with the Gemsbok. I was shooting a High Country Sniper Bow back then set at 74 pounds. I had to set it lower to hunt with. I competed with it set at 82 pounds. The reason I lowered the poundage was because the roll-over of the cams at 82 pounds was too jerky with too much movement. At 74 pounds the rollover was controlled. Both kills were full penetration and exit making tracking a no brainer. If you get a chance to check out  my e-book in the header above, you won’t be disappointed.

I love rifles just a much as my bow and have dedicated time to Rifles,Pistols and the Second Amendment especially in these times where the leftists in our government want to take those rights away. I enjoy hunting and shooting my pistols and rifles and will work support them forever.

Is there such a thing? One Hunting Rifle for the Planet?

Big or small, Cape Buffalo or whitetail deer, This rifle must do it all, and do it well!

Many an outdoor writer has written on the mythical best all around cartridge and rifle for the money. These authors, like me have to make some assumptions about what you want in an all around rifle. Here are my assumptions:

The hunter wants to either hunt Alaska or Africa some day for Brown Bear or Cape Buffalo/Plains Game and Elephant in Africa; but more than not, hunts deer, moose, Bison and bear whenever possible. And you can only use one rifle/cartridge to do it all and be happy with your choice!

Does this Rifle and Cartridge even exist? Let me throw out some hurdles for this rifle cartridge to overcome as well…

The cartridge is available at larger retailers and can be hand-loaded by the shooter/hunter.

Use bullet heads available on the market from several manufacturers.

Can be used on game from whitetail deer without damaging meat to cleanly kill Cape Buffalo and Elephant when solids are used.

Shoot low recoil hand loaded 225 grain rounds for deer or bear that a teenager could shoot e.g. 12 ft -lbs recoil energy as compared to 17 ft-lbs for a 30-06.

Shoot a range of delivered energies from 1800 ft-lbs to 4500 Ft -lbs

Shoot bench rest 3 shot groups at 100 yards at 1 MOA or better with all bullets types and weights.

Uses a standard action only.

The rifle must cost less than $900 dollars

Can shoot flat enough and with ample punch to kill an Elk at 500 yards.

Shoot flatter than a 30-06 Springfield/180 grain heads and do it with a 225 grain bullet with 1000 ft-lbs more energy than the 30-06.

There is only one rifle on the planet that meets this criteria!

The Answer is the .375 Ruger Cartridge (a proprietary Hornady case)  in the Ruger’s M77 Hawkeye Rifle. And is made right here in New Hampshire.

I have the pleasure of owning the .375 Ruger M77 Hawkeye African, and have owned it for several years. I have shot 3 1/8 groups at 600 yards (prone position on grass) with Nosler 260 grain AccuBonds. It shoots 1/2 inch groups at its best at 100 yards and sub-MOA groups for most all bullet types and styles and is not finicky over its diet. VX Gold Ring Leupold Scopes are a must on this rifle with dual erector springs to absorb the recoil day after day.

Cases from Hornady

At the Range

The Ruger M77 Hawkeye is better than any rifle I have ever owned or shot for the money in nearly 50 years of hunting and shooting. I would rather sell all of my other hunting rifles first before selling it.

I bought the rifle new and had it shipped to my FFL dealer. It was not shiny like some other rifles it was beautiful however with good rifle lines and was specifically made for the Hunter. Me! I have taken Moose and Bison Buffalo with this rifle. The Buffalo was a difficult shot at 150 yards quartering away. I had to place a 260 grain AccuBond just behind the last rib and drive the bullet up through the chest cavity, lungs and heart. Not only did it do just that but it broke the far shoulder too and then exited. The Buff fell in less than 20 yards.

It was always a dream, a dream to hunt in Africa. My childhood memories of stories told of danger and adventure drew me like a bee to honey. A while back in 2003, I was lucky enough to win a New Hampshire Wildlife Federation Auction to hunt with my son Jason in South Africa. We were on a Plains Game Hunt with rifles and Bow and Arrow. I had so much fun on that hunt that I wrote a book about it and things to do to prepare for such a hunt.  We hunted just outside of Danielskull, South Africa with Mount Carmel Safari’s. I was prepared to hunt with my .338 Winchester Magnum and 250 grain Nosler Partition Bullets and Jason hunted with my .270 Winchester with 150 grain Nosler bullets.

The Kudu story was one that was years in the making because I dreamed  of hunting the Grey Ghost of Africa long ago. It is what I came to Africa for!

It was nearly sunset on the plains and near my favorite watering hole.

An hour earlier I had taken a large bull Red Hartebeest with Bow (another story). I wanted to take a greater kudu with bow too if possible and had my Ruger M77 Bolt Action .338 at the ready as well.

It was 6:15 PM and only about 20 minutes of shooting light left. The skyline was turning purple as it attempted to hold the blackness of night from crushing what daylight we had left.

We had been hunting and observing in this hide for several hours. I was going stir crazy as I had a very respectable bull Hartebeest we had arrowed and checked on earlier, but knowing that in the last twinkles of light that we had left, sometimes the largest and most cunning of game species venture out when they think it is finally safe to drink. I poked my head into all the nooks and crannies looking outside for any approaching game. Nothing there! I looked out another break in the grass wall. Nothing there! The last place to look was through our back door. As I did, I froze… Unfortunately the door was swung open and a huge Kudu could be seen at 40 yards approaching the water. My guide Jonam reached out and closed the door enough so we would not be seen. At 30 yards we could not see the Kudu, he was coming in on our blind side. All of a sudden there was an earth shattering roar. “ROOOF, ROOOF, ROOOF!” A Lion? No, it was the kudu!  We were had! The kudu is the second largest antelope on the African Plains, he was more than 600 pounds on the hoof. Like an Elk he swapped ends and high stepped it to about 150 yards to a small hill. We kept silent and watched him with awe.  His head was visible above the brush and sky lined in the fading purple. His spiral horns were silhouetted as if to showcase the magnificence of the nearly three perfect curls.That image was forever etched into my brain!  I grabbed the .338 in case he steps clear of brush. I had my Leupold VX-2 atop the Ruger .338. I was amazed at how clearly I could see and do not know to this day what magnification I may have set in those fleeting moments, probably 3x which is my normal setting. One thing was for sure, I had enough adrenaline in my blood stream that, to this day, I can play those moments in my head like it was yesterday.

In a whisper to Jonam, “If he steps out so can get a clear shot, I’ll take it!” I held on the kudu so long perhaps 30 seconds that my arms began to shake. The gun and my arms felt like lead. I held that rifle for what seemed like eternity  Seconds passed like cold maple syrup off a spoon. Finally, in desperation for a shot, I braced the rifle on the metal frame of the hide. “For Petes sake, step forward”, I mumbled, or something like that. No sooner did I  think it that he stepped forward, one step, two steps. Ok I have a clear shot.

As the crosshairs of my Leupold scope touched the chest, I squeezed crisply. “KABOOM!”  I worked the bolt as fast as I could and put another round in the chamber.  I shouted, “I can’t see him; I can’t see him.”  In the fading light I put the safety back on.  We pile out the back door and Jonam was scanning with binoculars.  Jonam shouted: “He’s up… er, no, he went down.”  As the last light was swallowed by the African night, we realized that we did not have a flashlight with us. Luckily, Jonam did have a two way radio, so we radioed for assistance.  Sitting there in the pitch-black darkness I mused that I always seem to shoot animals when I don’t have a flashlight; how on earth could I have forgotten a flashlight from the planning list?

Jonam was sure the kudu had moved to the right, so when Jason and his tracker “Jim” arrived, Jason set out with his penlight. Not sure where the kudu had fallen, Jonam assured me that if I hit him with the .338 where I said I did; it was only a matter of locating him. As we began to search, we crisscrossed the spot that Jonam saw him last, all looking for blood spoor.  “None here,” I said.  “Nope, none here,” chimed in Jonam.  We went back to where I thought I shot him.  “He is somewhere here, Dad. We will find him.” Jason encouraged.  “I can’t understand it; I believe that I hit him well,” I said as we went back to where I thought I shot him. Denied visual confirmation, my heart began to sink, when suddenly a whooping sound arose from Jonam and Jim, who had found the kudu not 20 yards from where he had been hit. It was a double-lung hit, a bit high but that is hunting.  We high fived each other, and then it occurred to me to tell Jason my other great news; “I have a red hartebeest down over there that I shot with my bow earlier.”  “You what!  WAHOO!” was Jason’s response. And then I began to relax… a little.

It took all four of us to load the kudu and red hartebeest on the back of the Toyota Land Cruiser Pickup.  Jason and I rode in the back with the game.  As we headed out of the bushveld in the darkness, the stars were so bright and clear that we could reach out and touch them.  The spiral arm of the “Milky Way” galaxy pointed the way back to camp.  As we bumped along, with a soft cool African wind in my face high atop the Toyota, my right hand was holding the ivory kudu horn tip to keep it from banging into metal.  Jason was sitting to my left.  I accomplished my dream to take a fine kudu and hunt with my son in Africa.  The hunt could have ended there and then. My kudu dream was fulfilled; I said a quiet prayer in thanksgiving.  When we got back we celebrated, and celebrated some more over a crackling campfire. This is but one of several exciting hunts in my e-book African Safari -Rifle and Bow and Arrow.  Come with me and Jason, hop on a 747 with us and go on Safari.